Towards Pangaea Ultima, and Beyond - National Geographic Colliding Continents

https://youtu.be/KCSJNBMOjJs  (50:04 minute)

Video transcribed by: King Ashur

Uploaded on Oct 14, 2011

Documentary of earth's violent past and tectonic plates.

Pangaea or Pangea (pronunciation: /pænˈdʒiːə/) was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras. It assembled from earlier continental units approximately 300 million years ago, and it began to break apart about 175 million years ago.
There have been a series of supercontinents formed and broken apart over millions of years. The supercontinent cycle is the quasi-periodic aggregation and dispersal of Earth's continental crust. There are varying opinions as to whether the amount of continental crust is increasing, decreasing, or staying about the same, but it is agreed that the Earth's crust is constantly being reconfigured. One complete supercontinent cycle is said to take 300 to 500 million years. Continental collision makes fewer and larger continents while rifting makes more and smaller continents.
The hypothesized supercontinent cycle is complemented by the Wilson cycle named after plate tectonics pioneer J.Tuzo Wilson, which describes the periodic opening and closing of ocean basins.
Because the oldest seafloor material found today dates to only 170 million years old, whereas the oldest continental crust material found today dates to at least 4 billion years old, it makes sense to emphasize the much longer record of the planetary pulse that is recorded in the continents.
Pangaea Ultima (also called Pangaea Proxima, Neopangaea, and Pangaea II) is a possible future supercontinent configuration. Consistent with the supercontinent cycle, Pangaea Ultima could occur within the next 250 million years. This potential configuration, hypothesized by Christopher
Scotese, earned its name from its similarity to the previous Pangaea supercontinent. The concept was based on examination of past cycles of formation and breakup of supercontinents, not on current understanding of the mechanisms of tectonic change, which are too imprecise to project that far into the future. "It's all pretty much fantasy to start with", Scotese has said. "But it's a fun exercise to think about what might happen. And you can only do it if you have a really clear idea of why things happen in the first
place."[1]

Plate Tectonic Evolution of North America - Scotese Animation

Plate Tectonic Evolution of North America - Scotese Animation
(MA or Ma (mega-annum) is a million years)

https://youtu.be/2yKNhbY3Nbk (4:59 minute YouTube Video)

Published on Dec 14, 2015

by Christopher Scotese The PALEOMAP Project Channel by Christopher Scotese has more than 50 computer animations showing the plate tectonic evolution of the continents and ocean basins during the last billion years.

This animation shows the plate tectonic and paleogeographic evolution of North America from 200 million years ago to the present-day. North America was originally part of thee supercontinent of Pangea. About 200 million years ago, Pangea rifted apart. To the east of North America, the Central Atlantic Ridge [Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR)]
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) is a mid-ocean ridge, a divergent tectonic plate or constructive plate boundary located along the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, and part of the longest mountain range in the world. In the North Atlantic, it separates the Eurasian and North American Plates, whereas in the South Atlantic it separates the African and South American Plates. The Ridge extends from a junction with the Gakkel Ridge (Mid-Arctic Ridge) northeast of Greenland southward to the Bouvet Triple Junction in the South Atlantic. Although the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is mostly an underwater feature, portions of it have enough elevation to extend above sea level. The section of the ridge that includes the island of Iceland is also known as the Reykjanes Ridge. The ridge has an average spreading rate of about 2.5 cm per year.[1]
With the formation of North America, the North American Tectonic Plate is now colliding with the Pacific Tectonic Plate – and it's leading edge plates. The Pacific Plate is an oceanic tectonic plate that lies beneath the Pacific Ocean. At 103 million square kilometres (40,000,000 sq mi), it is the largest tectonic plate, The north-eastern side is a divergent boundary with the Explorer Plate, the Juan de Fuca Plate and the Gorda Plate forming respectively the Explorer Ridge, the Juan de Fuca Ridge and the Gorda Ridge. In the middle of the eastern side is a transform boundary with the North American Plate along the San Andreas Fault, and a boundary with the Cocos Plate. The south-eastern side is a divergent boundary with the Nazca Plate forming the East Pacific Rise ....
> > > > > > > 
Seismic Hazard Maps for the National Building Code of Canada – past ...

https://www.iclr.org/images/2_-_Adams_Toronto_Workshop.pdf

Jan 13, 2012 - Geological Survey of Canada,. Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, ... Size described by magnitude (one magnitude per earthquake!) Effects described by ... Magnitude-recurrence statistics near Toronto ... Probabilistic treatment of Cascadia. • Integrated .... Seismic hazard estimates are improving. More data ...

https://www.iclr.org/images/2_-_Adams_Toronto_Workshop.pdf\

Cascadia Magnitude-recurrence for complete rupture events ~ Synopsis

J Adams 20120113

[ever wonder why eggheads* use big words, just so the rest of us don't understand? Used here, prototypical is used to indicate that someone or something is a very typical.

(Over the last 10,000 years ~

“10,000 year history (we have one sample of the 1/10,000 year event!). Assume that each rupture of interest to Canada is a complete, end-to-end (IE. all M~9**, not some M9 + many M~8) Use time interval * plate tectonic rate to get the slip per event 

magnitude Protypical event happens every 550 years, ruptures length of 1020 km and width of 125 km, has slip of 25 m and has magnitude of 9.3

Events range in magnitude from 8.5 - 9.1 or 8.9 - 9.5 depending on input assumptions – but nearby seismic hazard is not very sensitive to exact magnitudes when earthquakes get this big

Boy, you can say that again!***  - Stan G, Webb

*egg·head ˈeɡˌhed/ noun

informal derogatory

plural noun: eggheads

1. a person who is highly academic or studious; an intellectual.

synonyms:

intellectual, thinker, academic, scholar, sage; bookworm, highbrow; expert, genius, mastermind; informal brain, whiz, brainiac, rocket scientist

** Here I believe the author is using the tilde ~ as a symbol for approximation. As we all learned in grammar school arithmetic, the formal approximation symbol looks like two tildes on top of one another (≈). I suppose the author could just have written, I don't know, but around M9, or M9±.

*** Following years of academia and study, when I was in practice, I would try to propose different options and plans and discuss those with my clients. After spending hours explaining several complex options, some would say “they just still did not understand; but, since I was so compelling, indeed, passionate in my beliefs, they told me to go head with the plan I had outlined”. They know that I always had their best interests in my heart and mind. Now, I said to myself, that is not how I want to practice. So I went back to night school to learn how to communicate, loosing all of that professional jargon. It took me 2 years, post-graduate. My clients all complemented me on my efforts. For the first time I made things clearer and easier for them to understand. Later was widely engaged as a keynote speaker and published author. Albeit some were tough, dark years.

Icelandic native, Björk, provides an artists interpretation of plate tectonics : Björk Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈpjœr̥k ˈkvʏðmʏntsˌtoʊhtɪr] - Mutual Core - Tectonic Plates, Chords

More on Pintrest - Cascadia Subduction Zone

West, to Cascadia Subduction from West Vancouver, Canada, oblivious to the risk

>> Sound On >> Best viewed Full Screen >> Darkened Room (5:14 minutes) 

https://youtu.be/VPPOeYtJlxM (5:14 minute YouTube video)

björk volumen

 

Published on Feb 1, 2013

Iceland is split by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, making it one of the most active volcanic and tectonic places on earth.

Biophilia - 2012 - 5:14 - Mutual Core - Tectonic Plates, Chords - 2.10:1 + 16.9

Aspect Ratio. Surrounded 5.1 Avanced ACC-M4A Apple Lossless Audio Aspect Ratio. HD 1080p Aspect Ratio. - copyright disclaimer under section 107 of the copyright act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use. note: i acknowledge that i don't own the copyright, no copyright infringement intended, for nonprofit educational purposes only. credit goes to it's respective owners. http://bjork.com/ björk overseas Ltd. all rights ® reserved © one little indian records. additional edited audio/video all rights ® reserved © http://gudmundsdottirbjork.blogspot.com/

• Björk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Björk Björk Guðmundsdóttir (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈpjœr̥k ˈkvʏðmʏntsˌtoʊhtɪr], born 21 November 1965), known mononymously as Björk (/ˈbjɜrk/)

Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth's mantle. This strong outer layer is called the lithosphere.

What is Plate Tectonics? | Plate Tectonics - LiveScience

www.livescience.com/37706-what-is-plate-tectonics.html

Plate tectonics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics

Wikipedia

Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the Greek: τεκτονικός "pertaining to building") is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motion of Earth's lithosphere.